Biofilms are matrix-encased microbial communities that are central to all microbially-induced diseases, which may become chronic. Important hallmarks of biofilm infections include extreme tolerance to the action of conventional antimicrobial agents and an almost infinite capacity to evade host defence systems, in particular innate immunity.

Pathogenic biofilms, notably involving ESKAPE bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, pathogenic Escherichia coli, Enterococci, or Staphylococcus aureus are serious health problems, as well as Mycobacterium species. These bacteria can colonise humans, either alone or upon co-infection, and persist in individuals with chronic conditions, having subsequently huge impacts on wellbeing and ageing. Notably infections in wounds, lungs, the gut or skin result in microbiome dysbiosis and a high level of morbidity and mortality. Colonisation of individuals and patients can occur in hospital settings, but the non-clinical environment is also a reservoir for the evolution and emergence of opportunistic pathogens.

Some of the key mechanisms that are instrumental to controlling biofilms are bound to microbial regulatory networks such as c-di-GMP signalling or quorum sensing. On the other hand, ability of invading pathogens to outcompete resident microbiota and escape the immune systems relies on a wide range of protein secretion systems, as well as specific metabolic ability and performance.

With regards to host wellbeing more broadly, human microbiome studies using different ’omics and experimental approaches provide important insights into complex host-microbiota interactions. Understanding microbiomes – as a whole, as component parts, and in relation to the host – is imperative to ensuring a healthy host.

Hence, the Biofilms & Health cluster addresses a range of concepts and topics pertinent to current challenges for controlling infections and disease in modern settings, and harnessing microbiomes for host resilience and wellbeing.